• 解放軍總醫(yī)院（北京100853）;

凡是涉及一個臟器基本結構的研究，不論是大體的、顯微鏡的、分子的、基因水平或功能狀態(tài)的研究，都屬于臨床外科中的基礎研究范疇。解剖學研究雖然是外科臨床基礎研究中最古老的項目，但是隨著新科技和臨床外科學的發(fā)展，又從未間斷地添加新的研究內(nèi)容。例如當前的可視化人體的研究便是個突出的例子。肝、膽管血循環(huán)的研究在當代的膽道外科學和移植外科學中占有重要的位置, 而上世紀50年代初期的肝內(nèi)管道解剖學研究，奠定了現(xiàn)代肝臟外科的基礎。

引用本文： 黃志強. 血管學研究與肝膽外科的發(fā)展. 中國普外基礎與臨床雜志, 2003, 10(3): 186-190. doi: 復制

1. McNulty JG.ed. Radiology of the liver [M]. 1st ed. Philadelphia, W.B.： Saunders CO, 1977∶8-17.
2. Hiatt JR, Gabbay J, Busuttil RW. Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1 000 cases [J]. Ann Surg, 1994; 220(1)∶50.
3. Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G, Bechstein WO, et al.Technique and results of bil;iary reconstruction using sidetoside choledochojejunostomy in 300 orthotopic liver transplants [J]. Ann Surg, 1994; 219(4)∶426.
4. Huang ZQ, Huang XQ. Changing patterns of traumatic bile duct injuries: a review of forty years experience [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2002; 8(1)∶5.
5. Stapleton GN, Hickman R, Terblanche J. Blood supply of the right and left hepatic ducts [J]. Br J Surg, 1998; 85(2)∶202.
6. Schlitt HJ, Meier PN, Nashan B, et al. Reconstructive surgery for ischemictype lesions at the bile duct bifurcation after liver transplantation [J]. Ann Surg, 1999; 229(1)∶137.
7. Koffron A, Ferrario M, Parsons W, et al.Failed primary management of iatrogenic biliary: Incidence and significance of concomitant hepatic arterial disruption [J]. Surgery, 2001; 130(4)∶722.
8. Compagno J, Grisham JW. Scanning electron microscopy of extrahepatic biliary obstruction [J]. Arch Pathol, 1974; 97(6)∶348.
9. Northover JM, Williams ED, Terblanche J.The investigation of small vessel anatomy by scanning electron microscopy of resin casts [J]. J Anat, 1980; 130(1)∶43.
10. Terblanche J, Allison HF, Northover JM. An ischemic basis for biliary strictures [J]. Surgery, 1983; 94(1)∶52.
11. Lautt WW. ed. Hepatic circulation in health and disease [M]. 1st ed. N.Y.： Raven Press, 1981∶92-101.
12. Haratake J, Hisaoka M, Yamamoto O,et al. Morphological changes of hepatic microcirculation in experimental rat cirrhosis: a scanning electron microscopic study [J]. Hepatology, 1991; 13(5)∶ 952.
13. Ohtani O. The peribiliary portal system in the rabbit liver [J]. Arch Histol Jap, 1979; 42(2)∶153.
14. Schemmer P, Enomoto N, Bradford BU, et al. Autonomic nervous system and gutderived endotoxin: involvement in activation of Kupffer cells after in situ organ manipulation [J]. World J Surg, 2001; 25(4)∶399.
15. 陳永亮，黃志強，黃潔，等.大鼠肝門部整塊切除術后門靜脈動脈化重建肝血流的實驗模型 [J]. 中華普通外科雜志，2001; 16(2)∶94.
16. 陳永亮，黃曉強，黃志強，等.門靜脈動脈化對實驗性梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝臟微血管的影響 [J]. 中華外科雜志，2001; 39(9)∶713.
17. 陳永亮，黃志強，王迎賓，等.門靜脈動脈化對實驗性梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝細胞調亡的影響 [J]. 中華普通外科雜志，2000; 15(6)∶348.
18. 陳永亮，黃志強，王迎賓，等. 門靜脈動脈化對實驗性梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝臟再生的影響 [J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學雜志，2001; 26(10)∶740.
19. 陳永亮，黃曉強，黃志強，等.門靜脈動脈化時梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝臟血管鑄型的變化 [J]. 軍醫(yī)進修學院學報，2001; 22(4)∶262.
20. Ozawa K, Takeda H, Yamaoka Y, et al. Adenine nucleotide metabolism in regenerative, atrophic, and necrotizing processes of the liver [J]. Gastroenterology, 1974; 67(6)∶1225.
21. Nonami T, Asahi K, Harada A, et al. Effect of hyperdynamic circulatory support on hepatic hemodynamics, oxygen supply and demand after massive hepatectomy [J]. Surgery, 1991; 109(3 Pt 1)∶277.
22. Yoshioka S, Miyazaki M, Shimizu H, et al. Hepatic venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation predicts regenerative status of remnant liver after partial hepatectomy in rats [J]. Hepatology, 1998; 27（5）∶1349.
23. Shimizu Y, Miyazaki H, Shimizu H, et al. Beneficial effects of arterialization of the portal vein on extended hepatectomy [J]. Br J Surg, 2000; 87(6)∶784.
24. Muller V, Ott R, Tannapfel A, et al. Arterialization of the portal vein in liver transplantation:a new microsurgical model in the rat [J]. Transplantation, 2001; 71(7)∶977.
25. Haratake J, Hisaoka M, Furuta A, et al. A scanning electron microscopic study of postnatal development of rat peribiliary plexus [J]. Hepatology, 1991; 14(6)∶1196.
26. Yamamoto T,Kobayashi T,Philips MJ.Perinodular arteriolar plexus in liver cirrhosis.Scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts [J]. Liver, 1984; 4(1)∶50.
27. Habib N, Houssin D, Carol C, et al. Experimental reduction of portal hypertension by mechanical increase of liver portal flow [J]. Lancet, 1991; 337(8732)∶16.
28. Jiao LR, Seifalian AM, Davidson BR, et al. In vivo evaluation of an implantable portal pump system for augmenting liver perfusion [J]. Br J Surg, 2000; 87(8)∶1024.
29. Jiao LR, Seifalian AM, Mathie RT, et al. Portal flow augmentation for liver cirrhosis [J]. Br J Surg, 2000; 87(8)∶984.
30. Kinoshita H, Sakai K, Hirohashi K, et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. World J Surg, 1986; 10(5)∶803.
31. Makuuchi M, Thai BL, Takayasu K, et al. Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma: a preliminary report [J]. Surgery, 1990; 107(5)∶521.
32. Miles KA, Hayball MP, Dixon AK. Functional images of hepatic perfusion obtained with dynamic CT [J]. Radiology, 1993; 188(2)∶405.
33. Wakabayashi H, Nakano S, Ishimura K, et al. Changes in arterial and portal perfusion in embolized and nonembolized hepatic lobes after portal vein embolization evaluated by helical computed tomography [J]. Surgery Today, 2001; 31(11)∶991.
34. Sugawara Y, Yamamoto J, Higashi H, et al. Preoperative portal embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. World J Surg, 2002; 26(1)∶105.
35. Elias D, De Baere T, Roche A, et al. During liver regeneration following right portal embolization the growth rate of liver metastases is more rapid than that of the liver parenchyma [J]. Br J Surg, 1999; 86(6)∶784.
36. Slooter GD, Marquet RL, Jeekel J, et al. Tumor growth stimulation after partial hepatectomy can be reduced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha [J]. Br J Surg, 1995; 82(1)∶129.
37. Picardo A, Karpoff HM, Lee Ng B, et al. Partial hepatectomy accelerates local tumor growth: potential roles of local cytokine activation [J]. Surgery, 1998; 124(1)∶57.
38. 黃曉強，楊可禎，黃志強，等. 阻斷膽管后肝微循環(huán)改變的實驗研究 [J]. 中華實驗外科雜志，1987; 4(4)∶151.
39. 黃曉強，黃志強，楊可禎，等.肝內(nèi)膽管結石肝臟微血管改變的觀察 [J]. 中華外科雜志，1987; 25(6)∶330.
40. Kock NG, Hahnloser P, Roding B, et al. Interaction between portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow: an experimental study in the dog [J]. Surgery, 1972; 72（3）∶414.
41. Lenthall J, Reynolds TB, Donovan AJ. Excessive output of bile in chronic hepatic disease [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1970; 130(2)∶243.
42. Dumont AE. Significance of excess drainage of bile in patients with chronic hepatic disease [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1982; 154(2)∶209.
43. Kono N, Nakanuma Y. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the intrahepatic peribiliary capillary plexus in normal livers and extrahepatic biliary obstruction in human beings [J]. Hepatology, 1992; 15(3)∶411.
44. Strazzabosco M, Spirli C, Okolicsanyi L. Pathophysiology of the intrahepatic biliary epithelium [J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2000; 15(3)∶244.
45. Bosch J, Enriquez R, Groszmann RJ, et al. Chronic bile duct ligation in the dog: Hemodynamic characterization of a portal hypertensive model [J]. Hepatology, 1983; 3(6)∶1002.
46. Mathie RT, Nagorney DM, Lewis MH, et al. Hepatic hemodynamics after chronic obstruction of the biliary tract in the dog [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1988; 166(2)∶125.
  1. 1. McNulty JG.ed. Radiology of the liver [M]. 1st ed. Philadelphia, W.B.： Saunders CO, 1977∶8-17.
  2. 2. Hiatt JR, Gabbay J, Busuttil RW. Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1 000 cases [J]. Ann Surg, 1994; 220(1)∶50.
  3. 3. Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G, Bechstein WO, et al.Technique and results of bil;iary reconstruction using sidetoside choledochojejunostomy in 300 orthotopic liver transplants [J]. Ann Surg, 1994; 219(4)∶426.
  4. 4. Huang ZQ, Huang XQ. Changing patterns of traumatic bile duct injuries: a review of forty years experience [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2002; 8(1)∶5.
  5. 5. Stapleton GN, Hickman R, Terblanche J. Blood supply of the right and left hepatic ducts [J]. Br J Surg, 1998; 85(2)∶202.
  6. 6. Schlitt HJ, Meier PN, Nashan B, et al. Reconstructive surgery for ischemictype lesions at the bile duct bifurcation after liver transplantation [J]. Ann Surg, 1999; 229(1)∶137.
  7. 7. Koffron A, Ferrario M, Parsons W, et al.Failed primary management of iatrogenic biliary: Incidence and significance of concomitant hepatic arterial disruption [J]. Surgery, 2001; 130(4)∶722.
  8. 8. Compagno J, Grisham JW. Scanning electron microscopy of extrahepatic biliary obstruction [J]. Arch Pathol, 1974; 97(6)∶348.
  9. 9. Northover JM, Williams ED, Terblanche J.The investigation of small vessel anatomy by scanning electron microscopy of resin casts [J]. J Anat, 1980; 130(1)∶43.
  10. 10. Terblanche J, Allison HF, Northover JM. An ischemic basis for biliary strictures [J]. Surgery, 1983; 94(1)∶52.
  11. 11. Lautt WW. ed. Hepatic circulation in health and disease [M]. 1st ed. N.Y.： Raven Press, 1981∶92-101.
  12. 12. Haratake J, Hisaoka M, Yamamoto O,et al. Morphological changes of hepatic microcirculation in experimental rat cirrhosis: a scanning electron microscopic study [J]. Hepatology, 1991; 13(5)∶ 952.
  13. 13. Ohtani O. The peribiliary portal system in the rabbit liver [J]. Arch Histol Jap, 1979; 42(2)∶153.
  14. 14. Schemmer P, Enomoto N, Bradford BU, et al. Autonomic nervous system and gutderived endotoxin: involvement in activation of Kupffer cells after in situ organ manipulation [J]. World J Surg, 2001; 25(4)∶399.
  15. 15. 陳永亮，黃志強，黃潔，等.大鼠肝門部整塊切除術后門靜脈動脈化重建肝血流的實驗模型 [J]. 中華普通外科雜志，2001; 16(2)∶94.
  16. 16. 陳永亮，黃曉強，黃志強，等.門靜脈動脈化對實驗性梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝臟微血管的影響 [J]. 中華外科雜志，2001; 39(9)∶713.
  17. 17. 陳永亮，黃志強，王迎賓，等.門靜脈動脈化對實驗性梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝細胞調亡的影響 [J]. 中華普通外科雜志，2000; 15(6)∶348.
  18. 18. 陳永亮，黃志強，王迎賓，等. 門靜脈動脈化對實驗性梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝臟再生的影響 [J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學雜志，2001; 26(10)∶740.
  19. 19. 陳永亮，黃曉強，黃志強，等.門靜脈動脈化時梗阻性黃疸大鼠肝臟血管鑄型的變化 [J]. 軍醫(yī)進修學院學報，2001; 22(4)∶262.
  20. 20. Ozawa K, Takeda H, Yamaoka Y, et al. Adenine nucleotide metabolism in regenerative, atrophic, and necrotizing processes of the liver [J]. Gastroenterology, 1974; 67(6)∶1225.
  21. 21. Nonami T, Asahi K, Harada A, et al. Effect of hyperdynamic circulatory support on hepatic hemodynamics, oxygen supply and demand after massive hepatectomy [J]. Surgery, 1991; 109(3 Pt 1)∶277.
  22. 22. Yoshioka S, Miyazaki M, Shimizu H, et al. Hepatic venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation predicts regenerative status of remnant liver after partial hepatectomy in rats [J]. Hepatology, 1998; 27（5）∶1349.
  23. 23. Shimizu Y, Miyazaki H, Shimizu H, et al. Beneficial effects of arterialization of the portal vein on extended hepatectomy [J]. Br J Surg, 2000; 87(6)∶784.
  24. 24. Muller V, Ott R, Tannapfel A, et al. Arterialization of the portal vein in liver transplantation:a new microsurgical model in the rat [J]. Transplantation, 2001; 71(7)∶977.
  25. 25. Haratake J, Hisaoka M, Furuta A, et al. A scanning electron microscopic study of postnatal development of rat peribiliary plexus [J]. Hepatology, 1991; 14(6)∶1196.
  26. 26. Yamamoto T,Kobayashi T,Philips MJ.Perinodular arteriolar plexus in liver cirrhosis.Scanning electron microscopy of microvascular casts [J]. Liver, 1984; 4(1)∶50.
  27. 27. Habib N, Houssin D, Carol C, et al. Experimental reduction of portal hypertension by mechanical increase of liver portal flow [J]. Lancet, 1991; 337(8732)∶16.
  28. 28. Jiao LR, Seifalian AM, Davidson BR, et al. In vivo evaluation of an implantable portal pump system for augmenting liver perfusion [J]. Br J Surg, 2000; 87(8)∶1024.
  29. 29. Jiao LR, Seifalian AM, Mathie RT, et al. Portal flow augmentation for liver cirrhosis [J]. Br J Surg, 2000; 87(8)∶984.
  30. 30. Kinoshita H, Sakai K, Hirohashi K, et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. World J Surg, 1986; 10(5)∶803.
  31. 31. Makuuchi M, Thai BL, Takayasu K, et al. Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma: a preliminary report [J]. Surgery, 1990; 107(5)∶521.
  32. 32. Miles KA, Hayball MP, Dixon AK. Functional images of hepatic perfusion obtained with dynamic CT [J]. Radiology, 1993; 188(2)∶405.
  33. 33. Wakabayashi H, Nakano S, Ishimura K, et al. Changes in arterial and portal perfusion in embolized and nonembolized hepatic lobes after portal vein embolization evaluated by helical computed tomography [J]. Surgery Today, 2001; 31(11)∶991.
  34. 34. Sugawara Y, Yamamoto J, Higashi H, et al. Preoperative portal embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. World J Surg, 2002; 26(1)∶105.
  35. 35. Elias D, De Baere T, Roche A, et al. During liver regeneration following right portal embolization the growth rate of liver metastases is more rapid than that of the liver parenchyma [J]. Br J Surg, 1999; 86(6)∶784.
  36. 36. Slooter GD, Marquet RL, Jeekel J, et al. Tumor growth stimulation after partial hepatectomy can be reduced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha [J]. Br J Surg, 1995; 82(1)∶129.
  37. 37. Picardo A, Karpoff HM, Lee Ng B, et al. Partial hepatectomy accelerates local tumor growth: potential roles of local cytokine activation [J]. Surgery, 1998; 124(1)∶57.
  38. 38. 黃曉強，楊可禎，黃志強，等. 阻斷膽管后肝微循環(huán)改變的實驗研究 [J]. 中華實驗外科雜志，1987; 4(4)∶151.
  39. 39. 黃曉強，黃志強，楊可禎，等.肝內(nèi)膽管結石肝臟微血管改變的觀察 [J]. 中華外科雜志，1987; 25(6)∶330.
  40. 40. Kock NG, Hahnloser P, Roding B, et al. Interaction between portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow: an experimental study in the dog [J]. Surgery, 1972; 72（3）∶414.
  41. 41. Lenthall J, Reynolds TB, Donovan AJ. Excessive output of bile in chronic hepatic disease [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1970; 130(2)∶243.
  42. 42. Dumont AE. Significance of excess drainage of bile in patients with chronic hepatic disease [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1982; 154(2)∶209.
  43. 43. Kono N, Nakanuma Y. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of the intrahepatic peribiliary capillary plexus in normal livers and extrahepatic biliary obstruction in human beings [J]. Hepatology, 1992; 15(3)∶411.
  44. 44. Strazzabosco M, Spirli C, Okolicsanyi L. Pathophysiology of the intrahepatic biliary epithelium [J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2000; 15(3)∶244.
  45. 45. Bosch J, Enriquez R, Groszmann RJ, et al. Chronic bile duct ligation in the dog: Hemodynamic characterization of a portal hypertensive model [J]. Hepatology, 1983; 3(6)∶1002.
  46. 46. Mathie RT, Nagorney DM, Lewis MH, et al. Hepatic hemodynamics after chronic obstruction of the biliary tract in the dog [J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1988; 166(2)∶125.