• 四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院（成都，610041） 1 肝膽胰腺外科，2 衛(wèi)生部移植工程與移植免疫重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;

【摘要】　 急性肝功能衰竭（acute liver failure，ALF）是一種極為嚴(yán)重且進(jìn)展迅速的臨床綜合癥且最具挑戰(zhàn)性臨床醫(yī)學(xué)問(wèn)題，鑒于對(duì)ALF認(rèn)識(shí)不足及對(duì)患者進(jìn)行研究的困難，建立準(zhǔn)確反映人ALF臨床特征的動(dòng)物模型至關(guān)重要。目前ALF大動(dòng)物模型眾多。主要應(yīng)用豬、狗，通過(guò)手術(shù)方法（全肝切除、部分肝切除、肝缺血）或化學(xué)藥物方法（醋氨酚、D-氨基半乳糖、四氯化碳等）建模。然而現(xiàn)今的模型都不能準(zhǔn)確地重現(xiàn)人ALF，都有其局限性?？上驳氖峭贸鲅〔《灸Ｐ涂珊芎弥噩F(xiàn)人ALF臨床生理、生化特征，但兔同人差異大。進(jìn)一步嘗試建立大動(dòng)物感染模型以及非人靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物模型十分必要，且將是未來(lái)趨勢(shì)。

引用本文： 陳擁華,杜冰清,陸燕蓉,劉續(xù)寶,麥剛. 急性肝功能衰竭大動(dòng)物模型研究進(jìn)展. 華西醫(yī)學(xué), 2011, 26(2): 292-296. doi: 復(fù)制

版權(quán)信息： ?四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院華西期刊社《華西醫(yī)學(xué)》版權(quán)所有，未經(jīng)授權(quán)不得轉(zhuǎn)載、改編

1. 　Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, et al. Acute liver failure: summary of a workshop[J]. Hepatology, 2008, 47(4): 1401-1415.
2. 　Ostapowicz G, Lee WM. Acute hepatic failure: a Western perspective[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2000, 15(5): 480-488.
3. 　Auzinger G, Wendon J. Intensive care management of acute liver failure[J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2008, 14(2): 179-188.
4. 　van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, Chamuleau RA, et al. Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(2): 216-230.
5. 　Nussler A, Konig S, Ott M, et al. Present status and perspectives of cell-based therapies for liver diseases[J]. J Hepatol, 2006, 45(1): 144-159.
6. 　Stravitz RT. Critical management decisions in patients with acute liver failure[J]. Chest, 2008, 134(5): 1092-1102.
7. 　Chiu A, Fan ST. MARS in the treatment of liver failure: Controversies and evidence[J]. Int J Artif Organs, 2006, 29(7): 660-667.
8. 　Ekser B, Rigotti P, Gridelli B, et al. Xenotransplantation of solid organs in the pig-to-primate model[J]. Transpl Immunol, 2009, 21(2): 87-92.
9. 　Allen JW, Hassanein T, Bhatia SN. Advances in bioartificial liver devices[J]. Hepatology, 2001, 34(3): 447-455.
10. 　Li LJ, Du WB, Zhang YM, et al. Evaluation of a bioartificial liver based on a nonwoven fabric bioreactor with porcine hepatocytes in pigs[J]. J Hepatol, 2006, 44(2): 317-324.
11. 　Khan SA, Shah N, Williams R, et al. Acute liver failure: a review[J]. Clin Liver Dis, 2006, 10(2): 239-258.
12. 　Stadbauer V, Jalan R. Acute liver failure: liver support therapies[J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2007, 13(2): 215-221.
13. 　Jalan R. Acute liver failure: current management and future prospects[J]. J Hepatol, 2005, 42 (Suppl 1): S115-S123.
14. 　Riordan SM, Williams R. Perspectives on liver failure: past and future[J]. Semin Liver Dis, 2008, 28(2): 137-141.
15. 　Tunon MJ, Alvarez M, Culebras JM, et al. An overview of animal models for investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in acute hepatic failure[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(25): 3086-3098.
16. 　Terblanche J, Hickman R. Animal-models of fulminant hepatic-failure[J]. Digest Dis Sci, 1991, 36(6): 770-774.
17. 　Fournea I. Potentially reversible model of acute liver failure in the pig. A model to test the efficiency of bioartificial liver[M]. Thesis: Leuven University Press, 2001: 41-56.
18. 　Newsome PN, Plevris JN, Nelson LJ, et al. Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure: a critical evaluation[J]. Liver Transpl, 2000, 6(1): 21-31.
19. 　O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Gastroenterology, 1989, 97(2): 439-445.
20. 　Rahman TM, Hodgson HJ. Animal models of acute hepatic failure[J]. Int J Exp Pathol, 2000, 81(2): 145-157.
21. 　Belanger M, Butterworth RF. Acute liver failure: a critical appraisal of available animal models[J]. Metab Brain Dis, 2005, 20(4): 409-423.
22. 　van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, van Gulik TM, et al. Large animal models of fulminant hepatic failure in artificial and bioartificial liver support research[J]. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(9): 1613-1625.
23. 　Filipponi F, Boggi U, Meacci L, et al. A new technique for total hepatectomy in the pig for testing liver support devices[J]. Surgery, 1999, 125(4): 448-455.
24. 　Sosef MN, Abrahamse LS L, van de Kerkhove MP, et al. Assessment of the AMC-bioartificial liver in the anhepatic pig[J]. Transplantation, 2002, 73(2): 204-209.
25. 　Sosef MN, van Gulik TM. Total hepatectomy model in pigs: revised method for vascular reconstruction using a rigid vascular prosthesis[J]. Eur Surg Res, 2004, 36(1): 8-12.
26. 　Hollestelle MJ, Poyck PP, Hollestelle JM, et al. Extra-hepatic factor Ⅷ expression in porcine fulminant hepatic failure[J]. J Thromb Haemost, 2005, 3(10): 2274-2280.
27. 　Knubben K, Thiel C, Schenk M, et al. A new surgical model for hepatectomy in pigs[J]. Eur Surg Res, 2008, 40(1): 41-46.
28. 　Fruhauf NR, Oldhafer KJ, Westermann S, et al. Acute hepatic failure in swine: hepatectomy versus vascular occlusion[J]. J Invest Surg, 2004, 17(3): 163-171.
29. 　Filipponi F, Fabbri LP, Marsili M, et al. A new surgical model of acute liver failure in the pig: experimental procedure and analysis of liver injury[J]. Eur Surg Res, 1991, 23 (1): 58-64.
30. 　Nardo B, Tsivian M, Neri F, et al. Extracorporeal portal vein oxygenation improves outcome of acute liver failure in swine[J]. Transpl Proceed, 2008, 40(6): 2046-2048.
31. 　Chen XP, Xue YL, Li XJ, et al. Experimental research on TECA-I bioartificial liver support system to treat canines with acute liver failure[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2001, 7(5): 706-709.
32. 　趙世峰, 薛毅瓏, 陳小平, 等. BioLiver-Ⅰ型生物人工肝支持系統(tǒng)治療兩種急性肝衰竭犬的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 30(6): 490-493.
33. 　Ferko A, Plodr M, Dobes D, et al. Sharp transsection of the parenchyma in liver resection[J]. Rozhl Chir, 2003, 82(8) : 407-412.
34. 　Topp SA, McClurken M, Lipson D, et al. Saline-linked surface radiofrequency ablation: factors affecting steam popping and depth of injury in the pig liver[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 239(4): 518-527.
35. 　Ladurner R, Hochleitner B, Schneeberger S, et al. Extended liver resection and hepatic ischemia in pigs: a new, potentially reversible model to induce acute liver failure and study artificial liver support systems[J]. Eur Surg Res, 2005, 37(6): 365-369.
36. 　Fukueda M, Ishizaki N, Hamada N, et al. Porcine model of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure[J]. Transplantation, 2006, 82(10): 1312-1318.
37. 　Ytrebo LM, Nedredal GI, Langbakk B, et al. An experimental large animal model for the assessment of bioartificial liver support systems in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2002, 37(9): 1077-1088.
38. 　Nakazawa K, Ijima H, Fukuda J, et al. Development of a hybrid artificial liver using polyurethane foam/hepatocyte spheroid culture in a preclinical pig experiment[J]. Int J Artif Organs, 2002, 25(1): 51-60.
39. 　Kieslichova E, Ryska M, Pantoflieek T, et al. Hemodynamic parameters in a surgical devascularization model of fulmi nant hepa tic failure in the minipig[J]. Physiol Res, 2005, 54(50): 485-490.
40. 　Nieuwoudt M, Kunnike R, Smuts M, et al. Standardization criteria for an ischemic surgical modelof acute hepatic failure in pigs[J]. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(20): 3836-3845.
41. 　Gao Y, Mu N, Xu XP, et al. Porcine acute liver failure model established by two-phase surgery and treated with hollow fiber bioartificial liver support system[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(35): 5468-5474.
42. 　Sen S, Rose C, Ytrebo LM, et al. Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study[J]. Crit Care Med, 2006, 34(1): 158-164.
43. 　Ekse S, Clapp LH, Revhaug A, et al. Endotheliumderived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF) is up-regulated in a pig model of acute liver failure[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2007, 42(3): 356-365.
44. 　Arkadopoulos N, Vlhakos D, Kostopanagiotou G, et al. Iron chelation attenuates intracranial pressure and improves survival in a swine model of acute liver failure[J]. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(8): 1116-1124.
45. 　Rose C, Ytrebo LM, Davies NA, et al. Association of reduced extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and intracranial pressure in pigs with acute liver failure[J]. Hepatology, 2007, 46(6): 1883-1892.
46. 　Yuasa T, Yamamoto T, Rivas-Carrillo JD, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted creation of a liver failure model in pigs[J]. Cell Transpl, 2008, 17(1-2): 187-193.
47. 　陳鐘, 丁義濤. 犬急性肝衰竭一種新模型的建立[J]. 中國(guó)普通外科雜志, 2003, 2(3): 206-208.
48. 　Chen Z, Ding YT. Functional evaluation of a new bioartificial liver system in vitro and in vitro[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2006, 12(8): 1312-1316.
49. 　Francavilla A, Makowka L, Polimeno L, et al. A dog model for acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Gastroenterology, 1989, 96(2): 470-478.
50. 　Kelly JH, Koussayer T, He DE, et al. An improved model of acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure in dogs[J]. Hepatology, 1992, 15 (2): 329-335.
51. 　Sielaff TD, Hu MY, Rollins MD, et al. An anesthetized model of lethal canine galactosamine fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Hepatology, 1995, 21 (3): 796-804.
52. 　Diaz-Buxo JA, Blumenthal S, Hayes D, et al. Galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic necrosis in unanesthetized canines[J]. Hepatology, 1997, 25 (4): 950-957.
53. 　Kalpana K, Ong HS, Soo KC, et al. An improved model of galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in the pig[J]. J Surg Res, 1999, 82(2): 121-130.
54. 　Patzer JF, Mazariegos GV, Lopez R. Preclinical evaluation of the Excorp Medical, Inc, Bioartificial Liver Support System[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2002, 195 (3): 299-310.
55. 　喬玲, 李亞明, 張晶, 等. 藥物性急性肝衰竭動(dòng)物模型的建立[J]. 傳染病信息, 2007, 20(5): 296-298, 301.
56. 　李亞明, 張晶, 趙軍, 等. 非生物型組合人工肝治療急性肝衰竭實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J]. 中國(guó)實(shí)用內(nèi)科雜志, 2006, 26(24): 1947-1949.
57. 　Zhang F, He YW, Duan ZP. Changes of high mobility group box 1 in serum of pig acute hepatic failure model and significance[J]. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, 2008, 28(1): 52-55.
58. 　彭承宏, 肖衛(wèi)東, 吳傳頂, 等. 門(mén)靜脈注射氨基半乳糖和脂多糖建立豬急性肝功能衰竭模型[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 85(21): 1464-1467.
59. 　肖衛(wèi)東, 彭承宏. 李勇, 等. 肝移植治療豬急性肝功能衰竭的近期療效和手術(shù)體會(huì)[J]. 肝膽外科志, 2006, 14(2): 140-142.
60. 　禤文海, 胡以則, 彭和平, 等. 犬暴發(fā)性肝功能衰竭模型的建立[J]. 中國(guó)普通外科雜志, 2002, 11(9): 548-550.
61. 　Ishiguro S, Takada Y, Gu M, et al. Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis: regeneration of the diseased native iver in a pig model[J]. Transplantation, 2003, 75(11): 1901-1904.
62. 　Ishizawa Y, Totsuka E, Umehara M, et al. Efficacy of double-filtration plasmapheretic cross-circulation with a high-permeability membrane using canine harvested liver in porcine fulminant hepatic failure model[J]. Transpl Proceed, 2004, 36(8): 2344-2348.
63. 　Tunon MJ, Sanchez-Campos S, Garcia-Ferreras J, et al. Rabbit hemorrhagic viral disease: characterization of a new animal model of fulminant liver failure[J]. J Lab Clin Med, 2003, 141(4): 272-278.
64. 　San-Miguel B, Alvarez M, Culebras JM, et al. N-acetyl-cysteine protects liver from apoptotic death in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Apoptosis, 2006, 11(11): 1945-1957.
  1. 1. 　Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, et al. Acute liver failure: summary of a workshop[J]. Hepatology, 2008, 47(4): 1401-1415.
  2. 2. 　Ostapowicz G, Lee WM. Acute hepatic failure: a Western perspective[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2000, 15(5): 480-488.
  3. 3. 　Auzinger G, Wendon J. Intensive care management of acute liver failure[J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2008, 14(2): 179-188.
  4. 4. 　van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, Chamuleau RA, et al. Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(2): 216-230.
  5. 5. 　Nussler A, Konig S, Ott M, et al. Present status and perspectives of cell-based therapies for liver diseases[J]. J Hepatol, 2006, 45(1): 144-159.
  6. 6. 　Stravitz RT. Critical management decisions in patients with acute liver failure[J]. Chest, 2008, 134(5): 1092-1102.
  7. 7. 　Chiu A, Fan ST. MARS in the treatment of liver failure: Controversies and evidence[J]. Int J Artif Organs, 2006, 29(7): 660-667.
  8. 8. 　Ekser B, Rigotti P, Gridelli B, et al. Xenotransplantation of solid organs in the pig-to-primate model[J]. Transpl Immunol, 2009, 21(2): 87-92.
  9. 9. 　Allen JW, Hassanein T, Bhatia SN. Advances in bioartificial liver devices[J]. Hepatology, 2001, 34(3): 447-455.
  10. 10. 　Li LJ, Du WB, Zhang YM, et al. Evaluation of a bioartificial liver based on a nonwoven fabric bioreactor with porcine hepatocytes in pigs[J]. J Hepatol, 2006, 44(2): 317-324.
  11. 11. 　Khan SA, Shah N, Williams R, et al. Acute liver failure: a review[J]. Clin Liver Dis, 2006, 10(2): 239-258.
  12. 12. 　Stadbauer V, Jalan R. Acute liver failure: liver support therapies[J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2007, 13(2): 215-221.
  13. 13. 　Jalan R. Acute liver failure: current management and future prospects[J]. J Hepatol, 2005, 42 (Suppl 1): S115-S123.
  14. 14. 　Riordan SM, Williams R. Perspectives on liver failure: past and future[J]. Semin Liver Dis, 2008, 28(2): 137-141.
  15. 15. 　Tunon MJ, Alvarez M, Culebras JM, et al. An overview of animal models for investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in acute hepatic failure[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(25): 3086-3098.
  16. 16. 　Terblanche J, Hickman R. Animal-models of fulminant hepatic-failure[J]. Digest Dis Sci, 1991, 36(6): 770-774.
  17. 17. 　Fournea I. Potentially reversible model of acute liver failure in the pig. A model to test the efficiency of bioartificial liver[M]. Thesis: Leuven University Press, 2001: 41-56.
  18. 18. 　Newsome PN, Plevris JN, Nelson LJ, et al. Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure: a critical evaluation[J]. Liver Transpl, 2000, 6(1): 21-31.
  19. 19. 　O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Gastroenterology, 1989, 97(2): 439-445.
  20. 20. 　Rahman TM, Hodgson HJ. Animal models of acute hepatic failure[J]. Int J Exp Pathol, 2000, 81(2): 145-157.
  21. 21. 　Belanger M, Butterworth RF. Acute liver failure: a critical appraisal of available animal models[J]. Metab Brain Dis, 2005, 20(4): 409-423.
  22. 22. 　van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, van Gulik TM, et al. Large animal models of fulminant hepatic failure in artificial and bioartificial liver support research[J]. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(9): 1613-1625.
  23. 23. 　Filipponi F, Boggi U, Meacci L, et al. A new technique for total hepatectomy in the pig for testing liver support devices[J]. Surgery, 1999, 125(4): 448-455.
  24. 24. 　Sosef MN, Abrahamse LS L, van de Kerkhove MP, et al. Assessment of the AMC-bioartificial liver in the anhepatic pig[J]. Transplantation, 2002, 73(2): 204-209.
  25. 25. 　Sosef MN, van Gulik TM. Total hepatectomy model in pigs: revised method for vascular reconstruction using a rigid vascular prosthesis[J]. Eur Surg Res, 2004, 36(1): 8-12.
  26. 26. 　Hollestelle MJ, Poyck PP, Hollestelle JM, et al. Extra-hepatic factor Ⅷ expression in porcine fulminant hepatic failure[J]. J Thromb Haemost, 2005, 3(10): 2274-2280.
  27. 27. 　Knubben K, Thiel C, Schenk M, et al. A new surgical model for hepatectomy in pigs[J]. Eur Surg Res, 2008, 40(1): 41-46.
  28. 28. 　Fruhauf NR, Oldhafer KJ, Westermann S, et al. Acute hepatic failure in swine: hepatectomy versus vascular occlusion[J]. J Invest Surg, 2004, 17(3): 163-171.
  29. 29. 　Filipponi F, Fabbri LP, Marsili M, et al. A new surgical model of acute liver failure in the pig: experimental procedure and analysis of liver injury[J]. Eur Surg Res, 1991, 23 (1): 58-64.
  30. 30. 　Nardo B, Tsivian M, Neri F, et al. Extracorporeal portal vein oxygenation improves outcome of acute liver failure in swine[J]. Transpl Proceed, 2008, 40(6): 2046-2048.
  31. 31. 　Chen XP, Xue YL, Li XJ, et al. Experimental research on TECA-I bioartificial liver support system to treat canines with acute liver failure[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2001, 7(5): 706-709.
  32. 32. 　趙世峰, 薛毅瓏, 陳小平, 等. BioLiver-Ⅰ型生物人工肝支持系統(tǒng)治療兩種急性肝衰竭犬的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005, 30(6): 490-493.
  33. 33. 　Ferko A, Plodr M, Dobes D, et al. Sharp transsection of the parenchyma in liver resection[J]. Rozhl Chir, 2003, 82(8) : 407-412.
  34. 34. 　Topp SA, McClurken M, Lipson D, et al. Saline-linked surface radiofrequency ablation: factors affecting steam popping and depth of injury in the pig liver[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 239(4): 518-527.
  35. 35. 　Ladurner R, Hochleitner B, Schneeberger S, et al. Extended liver resection and hepatic ischemia in pigs: a new, potentially reversible model to induce acute liver failure and study artificial liver support systems[J]. Eur Surg Res, 2005, 37(6): 365-369.
  36. 36. 　Fukueda M, Ishizaki N, Hamada N, et al. Porcine model of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure[J]. Transplantation, 2006, 82(10): 1312-1318.
  37. 37. 　Ytrebo LM, Nedredal GI, Langbakk B, et al. An experimental large animal model for the assessment of bioartificial liver support systems in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2002, 37(9): 1077-1088.
  38. 38. 　Nakazawa K, Ijima H, Fukuda J, et al. Development of a hybrid artificial liver using polyurethane foam/hepatocyte spheroid culture in a preclinical pig experiment[J]. Int J Artif Organs, 2002, 25(1): 51-60.
  39. 39. 　Kieslichova E, Ryska M, Pantoflieek T, et al. Hemodynamic parameters in a surgical devascularization model of fulmi nant hepa tic failure in the minipig[J]. Physiol Res, 2005, 54(50): 485-490.
  40. 40. 　Nieuwoudt M, Kunnike R, Smuts M, et al. Standardization criteria for an ischemic surgical modelof acute hepatic failure in pigs[J]. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(20): 3836-3845.
  41. 41. 　Gao Y, Mu N, Xu XP, et al. Porcine acute liver failure model established by two-phase surgery and treated with hollow fiber bioartificial liver support system[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11(35): 5468-5474.
  42. 42. 　Sen S, Rose C, Ytrebo LM, et al. Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study[J]. Crit Care Med, 2006, 34(1): 158-164.
  43. 43. 　Ekse S, Clapp LH, Revhaug A, et al. Endotheliumderived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF) is up-regulated in a pig model of acute liver failure[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2007, 42(3): 356-365.
  44. 44. 　Arkadopoulos N, Vlhakos D, Kostopanagiotou G, et al. Iron chelation attenuates intracranial pressure and improves survival in a swine model of acute liver failure[J]. Liver Transpl, 2008, 14(8): 1116-1124.
  45. 45. 　Rose C, Ytrebo LM, Davies NA, et al. Association of reduced extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and intracranial pressure in pigs with acute liver failure[J]. Hepatology, 2007, 46(6): 1883-1892.
  46. 46. 　Yuasa T, Yamamoto T, Rivas-Carrillo JD, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted creation of a liver failure model in pigs[J]. Cell Transpl, 2008, 17(1-2): 187-193.
  47. 47. 　陳鐘, 丁義濤. 犬急性肝衰竭一種新模型的建立[J]. 中國(guó)普通外科雜志, 2003, 2(3): 206-208.
  48. 48. 　Chen Z, Ding YT. Functional evaluation of a new bioartificial liver system in vitro and in vitro[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2006, 12(8): 1312-1316.
  49. 49. 　Francavilla A, Makowka L, Polimeno L, et al. A dog model for acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Gastroenterology, 1989, 96(2): 470-478.
  50. 50. 　Kelly JH, Koussayer T, He DE, et al. An improved model of acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure in dogs[J]. Hepatology, 1992, 15 (2): 329-335.
  51. 51. 　Sielaff TD, Hu MY, Rollins MD, et al. An anesthetized model of lethal canine galactosamine fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Hepatology, 1995, 21 (3): 796-804.
  52. 52. 　Diaz-Buxo JA, Blumenthal S, Hayes D, et al. Galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic necrosis in unanesthetized canines[J]. Hepatology, 1997, 25 (4): 950-957.
  53. 53. 　Kalpana K, Ong HS, Soo KC, et al. An improved model of galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure in the pig[J]. J Surg Res, 1999, 82(2): 121-130.
  54. 54. 　Patzer JF, Mazariegos GV, Lopez R. Preclinical evaluation of the Excorp Medical, Inc, Bioartificial Liver Support System[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2002, 195 (3): 299-310.
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