• 四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院甲狀腺乳腺外科（四川成都 610041）;

目的 　總結(jié)電阻抗譜技術(shù)的基本原理及其在甲狀腺癌診斷方面的最新進(jìn)展。
方法 　通過(guò)復(fù)習(xí)國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)，對(duì)電阻抗譜技術(shù)在甲狀腺癌診斷上的應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行綜述和分析。
結(jié)果 　電阻抗譜是一種人體功能性成像技術(shù)，其測(cè)量結(jié)果客觀，不易受人為因素影響，能有效診斷早期甲狀腺癌，并能與細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果互補(bǔ)，提高甲狀腺癌的診斷準(zhǔn)確率，從而減少不必要的手術(shù)。
結(jié)論 　在甲狀腺癌的診斷上，電阻抗譜技術(shù)有望成為診斷早期甲狀腺癌的一種新技術(shù)，并作為一種輔助性臨床診斷方法輔助細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查對(duì)甲狀腺癌的診斷。

引用本文： 杜鎮(zhèn)鴻,朱精強(qiáng),魏濤,黃秋實(shí),朱信心. 電阻抗譜技術(shù)在甲狀腺癌診斷中的研究進(jìn)展. 中國(guó)普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志, 2013, 20(9): 995-1000. doi: 復(fù)制

1. Siegel R， Desantis C， Virgo K， et al. Cancer treatment and surv-ivorship statistics， 2012[J]. CA Cancer J Clin， 2012， 62(4)：220-241.
2. Shrestha M， Crothers BA， Burch HB. The impact of thyroid nodule size on the risk of malignancy and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration：a 10-year study from a single institution[J]. Thyroid，.
3. Tee YY， Lowe AJ， Brand CA， et al. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules：a comprehensive literature review[J]. Ann Surg， 2007， 246(5)：714-720.
4. Czerniec SA， Ward LC， Refshauge KM， et al. Assessment of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema—comparison of physical measurement methods and self-report[J]. Cancer Invest， 2010， 28(1)：54-62.
5. Foster KR， Schwan HP. Dielectric properties of tissues and biolo-gical materials：a critical review[J]. Crit Rev Biomed Eng， 1989， 17(1)：25-104.
6. Schwan HP. Electrical properties of tissue and cell suspensions[J]. Adv Biol Med Phys， 1957， 5：147-209.
7. Altmann M， Pliquett U， Suess R， et al. Prediction of lamb carcasscomposition by impedance spectroscopy[J]. J Anim Sci， 2004， 82(3)：816-825.
8. Brown BH， Tidy JA， Boston K， et al. Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia[J]. Lancet， 2000， 355(9207)：892-895.
9. Cole KS， Cole RH. Dispersion and absorption in dielectricsⅠ. Alternating current characteristics[J]. J Chem Phys， 1941， 9(4)：341-351.
10. Kwon HR， Han KA， Ku YH， et al. The effects of resistance training on muscle and body fat mass and muscle strength in type 2 diabetic women[J]. Korean Diabetes J， 2010， 34(2)：101-110.
11. Stahn A， Terblanche E， Strobel G. Modeling upper and lower limb muscle volume by bioelectrical impedance analysis[J]. J Appl Physiol， 2007， 103(4)：1428-1435.
12. Matthie JR. Bioimpedance measurements of human body composi-tion：critical analysis and outlook[J]. Expert Rev Med Devices， 2008， 5(2)：239-261.
13. Nagai M， Komiya H， Mori Y， et al. Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance[J]. Diabetes Care， 2010， 33(5)：1077-1079.
14. Medici G， Mussi C， Fantuzzi AL， et al. Accuracy of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr， 2005， 59(8)：932-937.
15. Siqueira Vassimon H， Jordao AA， Albuquerque de Paula FJ， et al. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance with skinfold thickness and X-ray absorptiometry to measure body composition in HIV-infected with lipodistrophy[J]. Nutr Hosp， 2011， 26(3)：458-464.
16. Ott M， Fischer H， Polat H， et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysisas a predictor of survival in patients with human immunodeficiencyvirus infection[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol，.
17. Aberg P， Geladi P， Nicander I， et al. Non-invasive and microinvasive electrical impedance spectra of skin cancer—a comparison between two techniques[J]. Skin Res Technol， 2005， 11(4)：281-286.
18. Aberg P， Nicander I， Hansson J， et al. Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance—a potential screening tool[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2004， 51(12)：2097-2102.
19. Aberg P， Birgersson U， Elsner P， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnostic accuracy for malignant melanoma[J]. Exp Dermatol， 2011， 20(8)：648-652.
20. Ching CT， Sun TP， Huang SH， et al. A preliminary study of the use of bioimpedance in the screening of squamous tongue cancer[J]. Int J Nanomedicine， 2010， 5(7)：213-220.
21. Sun TP， Ching CS， Cheng CS， et al. The use of bioimpedance in the detection/screening of tongue cancer[J]. Cancer Epidemiol， 2010， 34(2)：207-211.
22. González-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Virtual biopsies in Barrett’s esophagus using an impedance probe[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci， 1999， 873(1)：313-321.
23. Gonzalez-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Low frequency electrical bioimpedance for the detection of inflammationand dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus[J]. Physiol Meas， 2003， 24(2)：291-296.
24. Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Somi MH， et al. Some early resultsrelated to electrical impedance of normal and abnormal gastric tissue[J]. Phys Med， 2012， 28(1)：19-24.
25. Malich A， Boehm T， Facius M， et al. Use of electrical impedance scanning in the differentiation of sonographically suspicious and highly suspicious lymph nodes of the head-neck region[J]. Eur Radiol， 2002， 12(5)：1114-1120.
26. Mentzel HJ， Malich A， Kentouche K， et al. Electrical impedance scanning-application of this new technique for lymph node evaluation in children[J]. Pediatr Radiol， 2003， 33(7)：461-466.
27. Malich A， Fritsch T， Mauch C， et al. Electrical impedance scanning：a new technique in the diagnosis of lymph nodes in which malignancy is suspected on ultrasound[J]. Br J Radiol， 2001， 74(877)：42-47.
28. Facius M， Malich A， Schneider G， et al. Electrical impedance scanning used in addition to ultrasound for the verification of submandibular and parotid lesions：initial results[J]. Invest Radiol， 2002， 37(8)：421-427.
29. Stojadinovic A， Fields SI， Shriver CD， et al. Electrical impedancescanning of thyroid nodules before thyroid surgery：a prospective study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol， 2005， 12(2)：152-160.
30. Nissan A， Peoples GE， Abu-Wasel B， et al. Prospective trial evaluating electrical impedance scanning of thyroid nodules beforethyroidectomy：final results[J]. Ann Surg， 2008， 247(5)：843-853.
31. Zheng B， Tublin ME， Klym AH， et al. Classification of thyroid nodules using a resonance-frequency-based electrical impedance spectroscopy：a preliminary assessment[J]. Thyroid， 2013， 23(7)：854-862.
32. Stojadinovic A， Nissan A， Gallimidi Z， et al. Electrical impedance scanning for the early detection of breast cancer in young women：preliminary results of a multicenter prospective clinical trial[J]. J Clin Oncol， 2005， 23(12)：2703-2715.
33. Fuchsjaeger MH， Flöry D， Reiner CS， et al. The negative predi-ctive value of electrical impedance scanning in BI-RADS category Ⅳ breast lesions[J]. Invest Radiol， 2005， 40(7)：478-485.
34. Assenheimer M， Laver-Moskovitz O， Malonek D， et al. TheT-SCAN technology：electrical impedance as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：1-8.
35. Cherepenin V， Karpov A， Korjenevsky A， et al. A 3D electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：9-18.
36. Vreugdenburg TD， Willis CD， Mundy L， et al. A systematic review of elastography， electrical impedance scanning，and digital infrared thermography for breast cancer screening and diagnosis[J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat， 2013， 137(3)：665-676.
37. Pak D， Rozhkova N， Kireev AM， et al. Diagnosis of breast cancer using electrical impedance tomography[J]. Biomed Eng，2012，46(4)：154-157.
38. da Silva JE， de Sá JP， Jossinet J. Classification of breast tissue by electrical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Med Biol Eng Comput， 2000， 38(1)：26-30.
39. Saulnier GJ， Liu N， Tamma C， et al. An electrical impedance spectroscopy system for breast cancer detection[J]. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc， 2007， 2007：4154-4157.
40. Raneta O， Ondru? D， Bella V. Utilisation of electrical impedance tomography in breast cancer diagnosis[J]. Klin Onkol， 2012， 25(1)：36-41.
41. Zheng B， Lederman D， Sumkin JH， et al. A preliminary evaluation of multi-probe resonance-frequency electrical impedance based measurements of the breast[J]. Acad Radiol， 2011， 18(2)：.
42. Morimoto T， Kimura S， Konishi Y， et al. A study of the electricalbio-impedance of tumors[J]. J Invest Surg， 1993， 6(1)：25-32.
43. Laufer S， Ivorra A， Reuter VE， et al. Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue[J]. Physiol Meas， 2010， 31(7)：995-1009.
44. Arias LR， Perry CA， Yang L. Real-time electrical impedance detection of cellular activities of oral cancer cells[J]. Biosens Bioelectron， 2010， 25(10)：2225-2231.
45. Keshtkar A， Keshtkar A， Smallwood RH. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnosis of bladder pathology[J]. Physiol Meas， 2006， 27(7)：585-596.
46. Smallwood RH， Keshtkar A， Wilkinson BA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the urinary bladder：the effect of inflammation and edema on identification of malignancy[J]. IEEE Trans Med Imaging， 2002， 21(6)：708-710.
47. Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Keshtkar A， et al. Bladder cancer dete-ction using electrical impedance technique (tabriz mark 1)[J]. Patholog Res Int， 2012， 2012(9)：470101.
48. Halter RJ， Schned A， Heaney J， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of benign and malignant prostatic tissues[J]. J Urol， 2008， 179(4)：1580-1586.
49. Halter RJ， Hartov A， Heaney JA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of the human prostate[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2007， 54(7)：1321-1327.
50. Halter RJ， Schned AR， Heaney JA， et al. Passive bioelectrical properties for assessing high- and low-grade prostate adenocarcinoma[J]. Prostate， 2011， 71(16)：1759-1767.
51. Abdul S， Brown BH， Milnes P， et al. The use of electrical impe-dance spectroscopy in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neop-lasia[J]. Int J Gynecol Cancer， 2006， 16(5)：1823-1832.
52. Lo CM， Keese CR， Giaever I. Monitoring motion of confluent cells in tissue culture[J]. Exp Cell Res， 1993， 204(1)：102-109.
53. Bagnaninchi PO， Dikeakos M， Veres T， et al. Complex permittivity measurement as a new noninvasive tool for monitoringin vitro tissue engineering and cell signature through the detection of cell proliferation， differentiation， and pretissue formation[J]. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience， 2004， 3(4)：243-250.
54. Hope TA， Iles SE. Technology review：the use of electrical impe-dance scanning in the detection of breast cancer[J]. Breast CancerRes， 2004， 6(2)：69-74.
55. Wang T， Wang K， Yao Q， et al. Prospective study on combination of electrical impedance scanning and ultrasound in estimating risk of development of breast cancer in young women[J]. CancerInvest， 2010， 28(3)：295-303.
56. -229.
57. ， 9(1)：20-25.
58. ， 22(12)：1251-1256.
  1. 1. Siegel R， Desantis C， Virgo K， et al. Cancer treatment and surv-ivorship statistics， 2012[J]. CA Cancer J Clin， 2012， 62(4)：220-241.
  2. 2. Shrestha M， Crothers BA， Burch HB. The impact of thyroid nodule size on the risk of malignancy and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration：a 10-year study from a single institution[J]. Thyroid，.
  3. 3. Tee YY， Lowe AJ， Brand CA， et al. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules：a comprehensive literature review[J]. Ann Surg， 2007， 246(5)：714-720.
  4. 4. Czerniec SA， Ward LC， Refshauge KM， et al. Assessment of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema—comparison of physical measurement methods and self-report[J]. Cancer Invest， 2010， 28(1)：54-62.
  5. 5. Foster KR， Schwan HP. Dielectric properties of tissues and biolo-gical materials：a critical review[J]. Crit Rev Biomed Eng， 1989， 17(1)：25-104.
  6. 6. Schwan HP. Electrical properties of tissue and cell suspensions[J]. Adv Biol Med Phys， 1957， 5：147-209.
  7. 7. Altmann M， Pliquett U， Suess R， et al. Prediction of lamb carcasscomposition by impedance spectroscopy[J]. J Anim Sci， 2004， 82(3)：816-825.
  8. 8. Brown BH， Tidy JA， Boston K， et al. Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia[J]. Lancet， 2000， 355(9207)：892-895.
  9. 9. Cole KS， Cole RH. Dispersion and absorption in dielectricsⅠ. Alternating current characteristics[J]. J Chem Phys， 1941， 9(4)：341-351.
  10. 10. Kwon HR， Han KA， Ku YH， et al. The effects of resistance training on muscle and body fat mass and muscle strength in type 2 diabetic women[J]. Korean Diabetes J， 2010， 34(2)：101-110.
  11. 11. Stahn A， Terblanche E， Strobel G. Modeling upper and lower limb muscle volume by bioelectrical impedance analysis[J]. J Appl Physiol， 2007， 103(4)：1428-1435.
  12. 12. Matthie JR. Bioimpedance measurements of human body composi-tion：critical analysis and outlook[J]. Expert Rev Med Devices， 2008， 5(2)：239-261.
  13. 13. Nagai M， Komiya H， Mori Y， et al. Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance[J]. Diabetes Care， 2010， 33(5)：1077-1079.
  14. 14. Medici G， Mussi C， Fantuzzi AL， et al. Accuracy of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr， 2005， 59(8)：932-937.
  15. 15. Siqueira Vassimon H， Jordao AA， Albuquerque de Paula FJ， et al. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance with skinfold thickness and X-ray absorptiometry to measure body composition in HIV-infected with lipodistrophy[J]. Nutr Hosp， 2011， 26(3)：458-464.
  16. 16. Ott M， Fischer H， Polat H， et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysisas a predictor of survival in patients with human immunodeficiencyvirus infection[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol，.
  17. 17. Aberg P， Geladi P， Nicander I， et al. Non-invasive and microinvasive electrical impedance spectra of skin cancer—a comparison between two techniques[J]. Skin Res Technol， 2005， 11(4)：281-286.
  18. 18. Aberg P， Nicander I， Hansson J， et al. Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance—a potential screening tool[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2004， 51(12)：2097-2102.
  19. 19. Aberg P， Birgersson U， Elsner P， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnostic accuracy for malignant melanoma[J]. Exp Dermatol， 2011， 20(8)：648-652.
  20. 20. Ching CT， Sun TP， Huang SH， et al. A preliminary study of the use of bioimpedance in the screening of squamous tongue cancer[J]. Int J Nanomedicine， 2010， 5(7)：213-220.
  21. 21. Sun TP， Ching CS， Cheng CS， et al. The use of bioimpedance in the detection/screening of tongue cancer[J]. Cancer Epidemiol， 2010， 34(2)：207-211.
  22. 22. González-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Virtual biopsies in Barrett’s esophagus using an impedance probe[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci， 1999， 873(1)：313-321.
  23. 23. Gonzalez-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Low frequency electrical bioimpedance for the detection of inflammationand dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus[J]. Physiol Meas， 2003， 24(2)：291-296.
  24. 24. Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Somi MH， et al. Some early resultsrelated to electrical impedance of normal and abnormal gastric tissue[J]. Phys Med， 2012， 28(1)：19-24.
  25. 25. Malich A， Boehm T， Facius M， et al. Use of electrical impedance scanning in the differentiation of sonographically suspicious and highly suspicious lymph nodes of the head-neck region[J]. Eur Radiol， 2002， 12(5)：1114-1120.
  26. 26. Mentzel HJ， Malich A， Kentouche K， et al. Electrical impedance scanning-application of this new technique for lymph node evaluation in children[J]. Pediatr Radiol， 2003， 33(7)：461-466.
  27. 27. Malich A， Fritsch T， Mauch C， et al. Electrical impedance scanning：a new technique in the diagnosis of lymph nodes in which malignancy is suspected on ultrasound[J]. Br J Radiol， 2001， 74(877)：42-47.
  28. 28. Facius M， Malich A， Schneider G， et al. Electrical impedance scanning used in addition to ultrasound for the verification of submandibular and parotid lesions：initial results[J]. Invest Radiol， 2002， 37(8)：421-427.
  29. 29. Stojadinovic A， Fields SI， Shriver CD， et al. Electrical impedancescanning of thyroid nodules before thyroid surgery：a prospective study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol， 2005， 12(2)：152-160.
  30. 30. Nissan A， Peoples GE， Abu-Wasel B， et al. Prospective trial evaluating electrical impedance scanning of thyroid nodules beforethyroidectomy：final results[J]. Ann Surg， 2008， 247(5)：843-853.
  31. 31. Zheng B， Tublin ME， Klym AH， et al. Classification of thyroid nodules using a resonance-frequency-based electrical impedance spectroscopy：a preliminary assessment[J]. Thyroid， 2013， 23(7)：854-862.
  32. 32. Stojadinovic A， Nissan A， Gallimidi Z， et al. Electrical impedance scanning for the early detection of breast cancer in young women：preliminary results of a multicenter prospective clinical trial[J]. J Clin Oncol， 2005， 23(12)：2703-2715.
  33. 33. Fuchsjaeger MH， Flöry D， Reiner CS， et al. The negative predi-ctive value of electrical impedance scanning in BI-RADS category Ⅳ breast lesions[J]. Invest Radiol， 2005， 40(7)：478-485.
  34. 34. Assenheimer M， Laver-Moskovitz O， Malonek D， et al. TheT-SCAN technology：electrical impedance as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：1-8.
  35. 35. Cherepenin V， Karpov A， Korjenevsky A， et al. A 3D electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：9-18.
  36. 36. Vreugdenburg TD， Willis CD， Mundy L， et al. A systematic review of elastography， electrical impedance scanning，and digital infrared thermography for breast cancer screening and diagnosis[J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat， 2013， 137(3)：665-676.
  37. 37. Pak D， Rozhkova N， Kireev AM， et al. Diagnosis of breast cancer using electrical impedance tomography[J]. Biomed Eng，2012，46(4)：154-157.
  38. 38. da Silva JE， de Sá JP， Jossinet J. Classification of breast tissue by electrical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Med Biol Eng Comput， 2000， 38(1)：26-30.
  39. 39. Saulnier GJ， Liu N， Tamma C， et al. An electrical impedance spectroscopy system for breast cancer detection[J]. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc， 2007， 2007：4154-4157.
  40. 40. Raneta O， Ondru? D， Bella V. Utilisation of electrical impedance tomography in breast cancer diagnosis[J]. Klin Onkol， 2012， 25(1)：36-41.
  41. 41. Zheng B， Lederman D， Sumkin JH， et al. A preliminary evaluation of multi-probe resonance-frequency electrical impedance based measurements of the breast[J]. Acad Radiol， 2011， 18(2)：.
  42. 42. Morimoto T， Kimura S， Konishi Y， et al. A study of the electricalbio-impedance of tumors[J]. J Invest Surg， 1993， 6(1)：25-32.
  43. 43. Laufer S， Ivorra A， Reuter VE， et al. Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue[J]. Physiol Meas， 2010， 31(7)：995-1009.
  44. 44. Arias LR， Perry CA， Yang L. Real-time electrical impedance detection of cellular activities of oral cancer cells[J]. Biosens Bioelectron， 2010， 25(10)：2225-2231.
  45. 45. Keshtkar A， Keshtkar A， Smallwood RH. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnosis of bladder pathology[J]. Physiol Meas， 2006， 27(7)：585-596.
  46. 46. Smallwood RH， Keshtkar A， Wilkinson BA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the urinary bladder：the effect of inflammation and edema on identification of malignancy[J]. IEEE Trans Med Imaging， 2002， 21(6)：708-710.
  47. 47. Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Keshtkar A， et al. Bladder cancer dete-ction using electrical impedance technique (tabriz mark 1)[J]. Patholog Res Int， 2012， 2012(9)：470101.
  48. 48. Halter RJ， Schned A， Heaney J， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of benign and malignant prostatic tissues[J]. J Urol， 2008， 179(4)：1580-1586.
  49. 49. Halter RJ， Hartov A， Heaney JA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of the human prostate[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2007， 54(7)：1321-1327.
  50. 50. Halter RJ， Schned AR， Heaney JA， et al. Passive bioelectrical properties for assessing high- and low-grade prostate adenocarcinoma[J]. Prostate， 2011， 71(16)：1759-1767.
  51. 51. Abdul S， Brown BH， Milnes P， et al. The use of electrical impe-dance spectroscopy in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neop-lasia[J]. Int J Gynecol Cancer， 2006， 16(5)：1823-1832.
  52. 52. Lo CM， Keese CR， Giaever I. Monitoring motion of confluent cells in tissue culture[J]. Exp Cell Res， 1993， 204(1)：102-109.
  53. 53. Bagnaninchi PO， Dikeakos M， Veres T， et al. Complex permittivity measurement as a new noninvasive tool for monitoringin vitro tissue engineering and cell signature through the detection of cell proliferation， differentiation， and pretissue formation[J]. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience， 2004， 3(4)：243-250.
  54. 54. Hope TA， Iles SE. Technology review：the use of electrical impe-dance scanning in the detection of breast cancer[J]. Breast CancerRes， 2004， 6(2)：69-74.
  55. 55. Wang T， Wang K， Yao Q， et al. Prospective study on combination of electrical impedance scanning and ultrasound in estimating risk of development of breast cancer in young women[J]. CancerInvest， 2010， 28(3)：295-303.
  56. 56. -229.
  57. 57. ， 9(1)：20-25.
  58. 58. ， 22(12)：1251-1256.

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    納米碳甲狀旁腺負(fù)顯影辨認(rèn)保護(hù)技術(shù)在甲狀腺癌手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用△