• 中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院基本外科(北京 100730);

目的  外科手術(shù)治療直腸癌已有數(shù)百年的歷史,在麻醉技術(shù)應(yīng)用臨床之后,現(xiàn)代外科手術(shù)切除直腸癌的許多經(jīng)典術(shù)式至今仍然在學(xué)界內(nèi)傳誦。國內(nèi)涉及歷史的文獻(xiàn)很少,現(xiàn)按時(shí)間軸線,總結(jié)出直腸癌外科手術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程。
方法  檢索、查詢和閱讀近20年的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),盡量追溯原始刊物,探究直腸癌外科手術(shù)方式的發(fā)展歷程。
結(jié)果  共查詢閱讀文獻(xiàn)百余篇,文后列出40余篇。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)檢索,按現(xiàn)代外科原則實(shí)施的直腸癌外科手術(shù)可以追溯到1739年,時(shí)間跨度270余年,基本涵蓋了直腸癌現(xiàn)代外科手術(shù)治療的發(fā)展過程。最初百余年的手術(shù)范圍小,治療效果差。許多外科治療相關(guān)的學(xué)科發(fā)展和理論知識(shí)是在最近百余年得以奠定的,直腸癌外科手術(shù)方式逐漸成熟并定型。
結(jié)論  直腸癌外科手術(shù)在經(jīng)歷了200多年的發(fā)展,不斷融入新理念、新技術(shù)之后,現(xiàn)今的直腸癌外科手術(shù)雖然沿用其名,但卻賦予了豐富的內(nèi)涵。全直腸系膜切除概念的提出、遠(yuǎn)端2cm切緣的采用、吻合器械的問世、術(shù)前聯(lián)合放化療的應(yīng)用以及腹腔鏡手術(shù)的推廣,使得直腸癌切除之后的吻合更低、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更小、生活質(zhì)量更好以及存活率更高。新藥物的問世和術(shù)前治療技術(shù)的提高,使直腸癌的治療模式已從單一的外科手術(shù)治療逐步轉(zhuǎn)向多學(xué)科的綜合治療。

引用本文: 肖毅. 直腸癌外科手術(shù)治療的發(fā)展歷程. 中國普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志, 2012, 19(10): 1130-1135. doi: 復(fù)制

1. Faget J. Remarques sur les abces qui arrivent au fondamont[J]. Mém Ac R Chir, 1743,Ⅱ: 257-267.
2. Lisfranc J. Observation on a cancerous condition of the rectum treatedby excision[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1983, 26(10): 694-695.
3. Koeher T. Die exstirapatio recti mach vorheriger excision des steissbeins[J]. Centralblatt Fur Chirurgie, 1874, 10:145-147. Ueber Radicalbeilunh des Krebses. Deutsche fur Chirurgie Bd, Ⅷ, 134-166.
4. Kraske P. Zur exstirpation hochsitzender mast darm krebse[J]. Verh Deutsch Ges Chir, 1885,14:464-474.
5. Bevan AD. Carcinoma of rectum-treatment by local excision[J]. Surg Clin North Am, 1917, 1:1233-1239.
6. Mason AY. Surgical access to the rectum:a trans-sphinctericexposure[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med, 1970, 63(Suppl 1):91-94.
7. Gussenbauer C. Ein fall von partieller resection des colon descen-dens zum zwecke einer geschwulstexstirpation.[J]. Arch Klin Chir, 1879, 23:233-247. Gussenbauer C. Zur operativen behan-dlung der carcinome des s roma-num. Z. Heilkunde, 1880, 1:207-229.
8. Hartmann HA. Nouveau procédé d’ablation des cancers de la partie terminale du colon pelvien[C]. Strasbourg:Trentiene Congrès de Chirurgie, 1921:411.
9. Ronel DN, Hardy MA. Henri Albert Hartmann:labor and discipline[J]. Curr Surg, 2002, 59(1): 59-64.
10. Rankin FW. How surgery of the colon and rectum developed[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet,1937, 64:705-710.
11. Volkmann R. Ueber den Mastdarmkrebs und die Exstirpatio recti (Concerning rectal cancer and the removal of the rectum)[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1986, 29:679-685.
12. Mayo CH. Cancer of the large bowel[J]. Med Sentinel, 1904,12: 466-473.
13. Mayo CH. Cancer of the sigmoid and rectum[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet,1906,3: 236-241.
14. Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of thepelvic colon[J]. Lancet, 1908,2:1812-1813.
15. Hochenegg J. Beiträge zur chirurgie des rectums und der beckenorgane[J]. Wien Klin Wehnschr, 1889, 2:515.
16. Balfour DC. Ⅷ. A method of anastomosis between sigmoid and rectum[J]. Am Surg, 1910,51: 239-241.
17. Dukes CE. The spread of cancer of the rectum[J]. Br J Surg, 1930, 17:643-648.
18. Dixon CF. Surgical removal of lesions occurring in the sigmoid and rectosigmoid[J]. Am J Surg, 1939, 46: 12-17.
19. Dixon CF. Anterior resection for malignant lesions of the upper part of the rectum and lower part of the sigmoid[J]. Ann Surg, 1948, 128(3): 425-442.
20. Bacon HE. Evolution of sphincter muscle preservation andreestablishment of continuity in the operative treatment of rectal and sigmoidal cancer[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1945, 81:113-127.
21. Bacon HE. Present status of the pull-through sphincter-preserving procedure[J]. Cancer, 1971,28(1): 196-203.
22. Localio SA, Eng K, Coppa GF. Abdominosacral resection for midrectal cancer: a fifteen-year experience[J]. Ann Surg,1983,198(3):320-324.
23. Mason AY. Selective surgery for carcinoma of the rectum[J]. Aust N Z J Surg, 1976, 46(4): 322-329.
24. Soave F. A new surgical technique for treatment of hirschsprung’s disease[J]. Surgery, 1964 , 56:1007-1014.
25. Parks AG. Transanal technique in low rectal anastomosis[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med, 1972, 65(11):975-976.
26. Parks AG, Percy JP. Resection and sutured coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma[J]. Br J Surg,1982,69(6):301-304.
27. Ravitch MM,Steichen FM. A stapling instrument for end-to-end inverting anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract[J]. Ann Surg, 1979, 189(6):791-797.
28. Knight CD, Griffen FD. An improved technique for low anterior resection of the rectum using the EEA stapler[J]. Surgery, 1980, 88(5): 710-714.
29. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence?[J]. Br J Surg, 1982,69(10):613-616.
30. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, et al. Lymph node metastases detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma of the rectum by the clearing method:justification of total mesorectal excision[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 1997, 184(6): 584-588.
31. Williams NS, Dixon MF, Johnston D. Reapprisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum: a study of distal intramural spread and of patients’ survival[J]. Br J Surg, 1983, 70(3): 150-154.
32. Wolmark N, Fisher B. An analysis of survival and treatment failure following abdominoperineal and sphincter-saving resection in Dukes’ B and C rectal carcinoma. A report of the NSABP clinical trials[J]. Ann Surg, 1986, 204(4): 480-489.
33. Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision[J]. Lancet, 1986, 2(8514):996-999.
34. Quirke P, Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 1988, 3(2): 127-131.
35. Hojo K, Vernava AM 3rd, Sugihara K, et al. Preservation of urine voiding and sexual function after rectal cancer surgery[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1991, 34(7): 532-539.
36. Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Akasu T, et al. Nerve-sparing surgery with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer[J]. Eur J Cancer, 1995, 31A(7-8): 1229-1232.
37. Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy)[J]. Surg Laparosc Endosc, 1991, 1(3): 144-150.
38. Jayne DG, Thorpe HC, Copeland J, et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer[J]. Br J Surg, 2010, 97(11): 1638-1645.
39. ColorⅡStudy Group;Buunen M, Bonjer HJ, et al. COLOR Ⅱ. A randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic and opensurgery for rectal cancer[J]. Dan Med Bull, 2009, 56(2): 89-91.
40. Buess G, Hutterer F, Theiss J, et al. A system for a transanal endoscopic rectum operation[J]. Chirurg, 1984, 55(10):677-680.
41. 邱輝忠. 經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)[M]. 北京: 中國協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學(xué)出版社, 2011:135-139.
42. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 1997, 336(14):980-987.
43. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al. Chemotherapy withpreoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(11): 1114-1123.
44. Gérard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(28): 4620-4625.
  1. 1. Faget J. Remarques sur les abces qui arrivent au fondamont[J]. Mém Ac R Chir, 1743,Ⅱ: 257-267.
  2. 2. Lisfranc J. Observation on a cancerous condition of the rectum treatedby excision[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1983, 26(10): 694-695.
  3. 3. Koeher T. Die exstirapatio recti mach vorheriger excision des steissbeins[J]. Centralblatt Fur Chirurgie, 1874, 10:145-147. Ueber Radicalbeilunh des Krebses. Deutsche fur Chirurgie Bd, Ⅷ, 134-166.
  4. 4. Kraske P. Zur exstirpation hochsitzender mast darm krebse[J]. Verh Deutsch Ges Chir, 1885,14:464-474.
  5. 5. Bevan AD. Carcinoma of rectum-treatment by local excision[J]. Surg Clin North Am, 1917, 1:1233-1239.
  6. 6. Mason AY. Surgical access to the rectum:a trans-sphinctericexposure[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med, 1970, 63(Suppl 1):91-94.
  7. 7. Gussenbauer C. Ein fall von partieller resection des colon descen-dens zum zwecke einer geschwulstexstirpation.[J]. Arch Klin Chir, 1879, 23:233-247. Gussenbauer C. Zur operativen behan-dlung der carcinome des s roma-num. Z. Heilkunde, 1880, 1:207-229.
  8. 8. Hartmann HA. Nouveau procédé d’ablation des cancers de la partie terminale du colon pelvien[C]. Strasbourg:Trentiene Congrès de Chirurgie, 1921:411.
  9. 9. Ronel DN, Hardy MA. Henri Albert Hartmann:labor and discipline[J]. Curr Surg, 2002, 59(1): 59-64.
  10. 10. Rankin FW. How surgery of the colon and rectum developed[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet,1937, 64:705-710.
  11. 11. Volkmann R. Ueber den Mastdarmkrebs und die Exstirpatio recti (Concerning rectal cancer and the removal of the rectum)[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1986, 29:679-685.
  12. 12. Mayo CH. Cancer of the large bowel[J]. Med Sentinel, 1904,12: 466-473.
  13. 13. Mayo CH. Cancer of the sigmoid and rectum[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet,1906,3: 236-241.
  14. 14. Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of thepelvic colon[J]. Lancet, 1908,2:1812-1813.
  15. 15. Hochenegg J. Beiträge zur chirurgie des rectums und der beckenorgane[J]. Wien Klin Wehnschr, 1889, 2:515.
  16. 16. Balfour DC. Ⅷ. A method of anastomosis between sigmoid and rectum[J]. Am Surg, 1910,51: 239-241.
  17. 17. Dukes CE. The spread of cancer of the rectum[J]. Br J Surg, 1930, 17:643-648.
  18. 18. Dixon CF. Surgical removal of lesions occurring in the sigmoid and rectosigmoid[J]. Am J Surg, 1939, 46: 12-17.
  19. 19. Dixon CF. Anterior resection for malignant lesions of the upper part of the rectum and lower part of the sigmoid[J]. Ann Surg, 1948, 128(3): 425-442.
  20. 20. Bacon HE. Evolution of sphincter muscle preservation andreestablishment of continuity in the operative treatment of rectal and sigmoidal cancer[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1945, 81:113-127.
  21. 21. Bacon HE. Present status of the pull-through sphincter-preserving procedure[J]. Cancer, 1971,28(1): 196-203.
  22. 22. Localio SA, Eng K, Coppa GF. Abdominosacral resection for midrectal cancer: a fifteen-year experience[J]. Ann Surg,1983,198(3):320-324.
  23. 23. Mason AY. Selective surgery for carcinoma of the rectum[J]. Aust N Z J Surg, 1976, 46(4): 322-329.
  24. 24. Soave F. A new surgical technique for treatment of hirschsprung’s disease[J]. Surgery, 1964 , 56:1007-1014.
  25. 25. Parks AG. Transanal technique in low rectal anastomosis[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med, 1972, 65(11):975-976.
  26. 26. Parks AG, Percy JP. Resection and sutured coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma[J]. Br J Surg,1982,69(6):301-304.
  27. 27. Ravitch MM,Steichen FM. A stapling instrument for end-to-end inverting anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract[J]. Ann Surg, 1979, 189(6):791-797.
  28. 28. Knight CD, Griffen FD. An improved technique for low anterior resection of the rectum using the EEA stapler[J]. Surgery, 1980, 88(5): 710-714.
  29. 29. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence?[J]. Br J Surg, 1982,69(10):613-616.
  30. 30. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, et al. Lymph node metastases detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma of the rectum by the clearing method:justification of total mesorectal excision[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 1997, 184(6): 584-588.
  31. 31. Williams NS, Dixon MF, Johnston D. Reapprisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum: a study of distal intramural spread and of patients’ survival[J]. Br J Surg, 1983, 70(3): 150-154.
  32. 32. Wolmark N, Fisher B. An analysis of survival and treatment failure following abdominoperineal and sphincter-saving resection in Dukes’ B and C rectal carcinoma. A report of the NSABP clinical trials[J]. Ann Surg, 1986, 204(4): 480-489.
  33. 33. Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision[J]. Lancet, 1986, 2(8514):996-999.
  34. 34. Quirke P, Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 1988, 3(2): 127-131.
  35. 35. Hojo K, Vernava AM 3rd, Sugihara K, et al. Preservation of urine voiding and sexual function after rectal cancer surgery[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1991, 34(7): 532-539.
  36. 36. Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Akasu T, et al. Nerve-sparing surgery with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer[J]. Eur J Cancer, 1995, 31A(7-8): 1229-1232.
  37. 37. Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy)[J]. Surg Laparosc Endosc, 1991, 1(3): 144-150.
  38. 38. Jayne DG, Thorpe HC, Copeland J, et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer[J]. Br J Surg, 2010, 97(11): 1638-1645.
  39. 39. ColorⅡStudy Group;Buunen M, Bonjer HJ, et al. COLOR Ⅱ. A randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic and opensurgery for rectal cancer[J]. Dan Med Bull, 2009, 56(2): 89-91.
  40. 40. Buess G, Hutterer F, Theiss J, et al. A system for a transanal endoscopic rectum operation[J]. Chirurg, 1984, 55(10):677-680.
  41. 41. 邱輝忠. 經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)[M]. 北京: 中國協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學(xué)出版社, 2011:135-139.
  42. 42. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 1997, 336(14):980-987.
  43. 43. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al. Chemotherapy withpreoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 355(11): 1114-1123.
  44. 44. Gérard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(28): 4620-4625.